Veterinary professionals guide owners through critical developmental periods. For puppies, the primary socialization window closes around 14 to 16 weeks of age; for kittens, it is even earlier, around 7 to 9 weeks. Safely exposing young animals to diverse people, environments, noises, and other animals—while balancing vaccine schedules—is vital to preventing lifelong fear and aggression. Environmental Enrichment

Veterinary science has seen a massive expansion in psychopharmacology. Vets now have a sophisticated arsenal of medications to treat behavioral disorders, ranging from selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like fluoxetine to tricyclic antidepressants.